Tprograming: C++ Introduction

C++ is an object oriented programming language developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1980 .
It is an extension of C and earlier name was ' Extension of c ' later , it was named as C++ .
It is an superset of C programming .

Properties of C++ / Object oriented programming :

1. Class : Class is a special block of code which is executed using object .Class has its data members and member functions . Class keyword is used to declare a class .

2. Object : Object is a instance of class . It is an sub part of class .

In the above example , there are given laptop with brands

Laptop is a main block i.e. class and its brands are its different objects It means object is an instance of class .

Object has two properties state and behaviour

3. Data Abstraction : Data abstraction points to useful and essential information or data . The visibility of useful data and hiding un-useful data is called as data abstraction .

For example , we sends messages on email , watsapp , etc . We can able to see only message not process behind it .

4. Polymorphism : The meaning of poly is many and meaning of morphism is forms .It is an ability to take more than many forms . We can create many forms of one thing this process is called as polymorphism .

5. Message Passing : It means the communication between objects , data or classes .

6. Encapsulations : The providing security to data like wrapper class called as encapsulation .

For example , medicine capsule is one type of wrapper , it consists of small small particles that means it provides security to those small particles inside it .

7. Inheritance : The child class or derived class derives/inherits properties from parent class or base class is called as inheritance .

For example , We takes some features from our parents like color body features etc , this property is called as inheritance .

8. Data binding : The holding of data together is called as data binding .

Basic syntax for program in C++ :

#include<iostream.h> //this is header file consists of standard input and output stream . Stream means flow of data in a program .

Class class_name //class keyword used create new class

{
private : // access specifier , used to show how data is handled

Variables;

public : // access specifier

methods ;

}; // ; semocolon used to create object for class

void main() //this is main function and main execution of program starts from here . Void means null value which does'n stores any value

{

--------statements---------

getch(); //this is linker between input and output screen .It is used to show output
}

Example :

#include<iostream.h>

void main()
{
cout<<"Welcome to Tprograming !";
getch();
}

cout() :

This is statement used to print any message or output .

Example :

#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
int t=10;
cout<<"Value of t is : "<<t<<endln;
getch();
}

cin :

This is statement used to accept value from user .

Example :

#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
int t;
cin>>t;
cout<<"Value of t is : "<<t<<endln;
getch();
}

Control Flow in C++ :

if-else
nested if else
while loop
for loop
nested for loop
go to statement
do-while loop
break statement

1. is-else statement :-

We can execute multiple condition and take multiple decisions using if-else statement . When one condition or statement becomes true then output gets printed .

Syntax :-

if(condition)
{
statement;
}
else
{
statement;
}

Example :-

Q. Write c++ program for maximum and smaller of two numbers .

#include<iostream.h>

void main()
{
int p,q;
cout<<"enter value for p and q :"<<endl;
cin>>p>>q;
if(p>q)
{
cout<<"p is greater than q\n";
}
else
{
cout<<"q is greater than p\n";
}
getch();
}

Output :-

enter value for q and q : 20

30

q is greater than p

Q. Write a program for if-else compound statement :

#include<iostream.h>

void main()
{
float years, secs;
cout<<"Enter your age in years: ";
cin>>years;
if(years <0)
{
cout<<"I am sorry\n";
cout<<"Age cannot be negative";
}
Else
{
secs = years 365 * 24 * 60 *60;
cout<<"You have lived for "<<secs<<" seconds";
}

Ouput :-

Enter your age in years: 18 seconds
You have lived for 5.67648e+08 seconds

Nested if-else :

Used to execute multiple conditions at a time

Syntax :

if(condition1)
     statement1;
else
     if(condition2)
          statement2;
    else
   if(condition3)
statement3;

Example :

#include<iostream.h>

Void main()
{
int first, second;
cout<<"Enter first:"
cin>>first
cout<<"Enter second:"

cin>>second:

if(first>=second)
{
if(first% second=0)
{
if(first==second)
cout<<"They are same\n";
   else
cout<<"They are evenly divisible\n";
}
else
  cout<<"They are not evenly divisible\n";
  }
  else
        cout<<"The second is larger\n";
}
}

Output :

Enter first: 10

            Enter second: 2
They are evenly divisible

Enter first: 2

           Enter second: 10
The second is larger

Enter first: 10

           Enter second: 3
They are not evenly divisible


Enter first: 10

Enter second: 10
They are same

while loop :
It is used for iteration . This loop executes until condition becomes true .

Syntax :

while(condition)

{
statement;
increment/decrement;
}

Example :

Q. Write c++ program to print values from 1 to 10 using while loop

#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
int t=1;
while(t<=10)
{
cout<<t<<" \t";
t++;
}
getch();
}

Output :

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

for loop :

It is also used for iteration or to use multiple values at a time and all the conditions , increments are written as one place .

Syntax :

for(variable=initialization;condition;increment/decrement)

{
statement;
}

Example :

Q.Write a c++ program to print 1 to 10 numbers using for loop.

#include<iostream.h>

void main()
{
int t;
for(t=1;t<=10;t++)
{
cout<<t<<" ";
}
getch();
}

Output :

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Nested for loop :

It is used to execute for loop multiple times

Syntax :

for(variable1=initialization;condition1;increment/decrement)

{
statement1;

for(variable2=initialization;condition2;increment/decrement)
{
statement2;
}
}

Example :

Q. Write a c++ program for printing two dimensional array or matrix using nested for loop .

#define ROW 2
#define COL 2
#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
int t,p,mat1[ROW][COL];
cout<<"enter values for mat1";
for(t=0;t<ROW;t++)
for(p=0;p<COL;p++)
cin>>"%d",&mat1[t][p]<<endl;
//printing matrix
cout<<"Matrix is %d ",mat1[t][p]<<endl;
getch();
}

switch/break case :

It is used to execute different sections at a time with multiple conditions .

Syntax :

switch(condition)
{
case 1 :
statement;
break;
case 2 :
statement ;
break ;
defualt :
statements;
}

Example :

Q. Write c++ program for switch case in c++

#include<iostream.h>

void main()

{
int s,t,p;
cout<<"enter any arithmetic operator (+,-,*,/) : ";
cin>>s;
cout<<"Enter value for t and p : ";
cin>>t>>p;
switch(s)
{
case '+':
cout<<t<<"+"<<p<<"="<<t+p;
break;
case '-':
cout<<t<<"-"<<p<<"="<<t-p;
break;
case '*':
cout<<t<<"*"<<p<<"="<<t*p;
break;
case '/':
cout<<t<<"/"<<p<<"="<<t/p;
break;
default:
cout<<"no arithmetic operator found";
break;
}

getch();

}

Output :

enter any arithmetic operator : +
Enter value for t and p : 10
20
10+20=30

goto statement :

The go to statement is used to alter the normal sequence of program execution by transferring control to some other part of the program . We can jump to last condition

Example :

Q. Write a c++ program for goto statement .

#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
int marks;
cout<<"Enter marks:"
cin>>marks;
if(marks <60)
go to end;
else
{
cout<<"Excellent Performance";
exit(1)
}
end:
cout<<"Poor performance",
}

Output :

Enter marks : 50

Poor performance

Main

C++ Introduction

Properties of C++ / Object oriented programming :

Basic syntax for program in C++ :

cout() :

cin :

Control Flow in C++ :

1. is-else statement :-

Nested if-else :

Q.Write a c++ program to print 1 to 10 numbers using for loop.

Q. Write a c++ program for printing two dimensional array or matrix using nested for loop .

switch/break case :

Q. Write c++ program for switch case in c++

goto statement :

Q. Write a c++ program for goto statement .

Next :